Two historic circa 1880 photographs of an early and notable HAYWARD, CALIFORNIA settler, OTIS HILL, and what appears to be his young daughter, in front of their house at "Willow Tree Farm" in what was then called HAYWARDS, California.

Two photographs, one 6.5x8.5 inch and one 6x8 inch, both mounted on 11x14 inch card mounts. Written on the backside of each mount is: "WILLOW TREE FARM / OTIS HILL / HAYWARDS / CAL." The fact that the photograph identifies the town as "Haywards" allows the photograph to be dated from between 1876 and 1880. (The town was incorporated in 1876 and given the official name HAYWARDS, but a few years later, circa 1880, the "S" was dropped and the town became HAYWARD.)

VERY GOOD condition: The mounts are lightly soiled, have some edge and corner wear, and a few smallish stains to the backsides; one mount has a clipped corner. The photographs are lovely with just a few light rubs and a couple small superficial scrapes.

How HAYWARDS California became HAYWARD California (from the City website):

******Hayward was originally known as "Hayward's", then as "Haywood", later as "Haywards", and eventually as "Hayward". On his way from gold country to San Francisco in 1851,a failed prospector named William Hayward passed through what is now downtown Hayward. He liked what he saw and bought some land. In 1852, Hayward set up a small general store at the corner of A Street and Mission Boulevard. The store became a major stop on the road from Oakland to San Jose. Hayward expanded his business, erecting a lodging house that grew to become the famous Hayward's Hotel. When the town was incorporated on March 11, 1876, it was officially named "Haywards" after the landmark hotel. The "s" was dropped several years later.******

About OTIS HILL of HAYWARDS, California (from History of the State of California & Biographical Record of Coast Counties, California, Pages 1189-1190. The Chapman Publishing Co., Chicago, 1904.):

******Prominent among the pioneer residents of Alameda county is OTIS HILL, a venerable and highly respected agriculturist, whose ranch is located about one mile from the city of Hayward. In the development of this section of the county, and in the advancement of its welfare, he has been an important factor. Coming here a full half century ago, he, with the other early settlers of this locality, bravely endured the hardships and privations of pioneer life. Mr. Hill was born, September 21, 1827, in Lockport, N.Y., a son of Orson Hill.

Coming to California by the Nicaragua route in 1855, he located in Hayward's, where he had a brother living. In 1856 Mr. Hill bought, for $900, one hundred and thirty acres of land in the Castro valley. Some time during the sixties he got the Spanish grant title to two hundred acres. He has now in his home ranch many acres of valuable land, supplied with water from a spring, and lying on the line of the Haywards and Oakland Electric line, a most favorable location. He carried on general farming, paying special attention to the cultivation of fruits, and is quite successful. He also has a valuable gravel pit, which is a source of considerable revenue.******

SPRINGFIELD ILLUSTRATED. :Photolithographs by James Dwyer Gill, early Publisher and Art Dealer in Springfield, Massachusetts.

A portfolio of 31 photolithograph plates (of 32 - lacking the last plate), each with a 6.5x8.5 inch image printed on a 11x14 heavy-stock sheet, and each with a protective tissue guard. Below each photolithograph image is printed "JAMES D. GILL. SPRINGFIELD, MASS." on the left side, and "LINOTYPE PRINTING CO., NEW YORK." on the right side. Someone (perhaps James Gill) has hand numbered each plate at the bottom right corner. In addition to the 31 photolithographs there are two introductory text sheets: a Preface sheet and an Index sheet. The plates are loose as issued and are held between a front and a rear cloth covered board. The boards' original string ties are lacking.

Condition: The boards holding the plates have spotting and wear, and are lacking their ties (as noted above), but are original and the gilt on the front board is bright. The two prelim text sheets have edge chips, a few small spots, and one has a two inch closed tear at the top. The 31 lithograph sheets are solid with just a bit of edgewear and a spot here and there (one has a small edge chip) All the sheets are lightly age toned, as normal. A few of the tissue guards are creased and one has tears and is laid-on loose. Most important, the IMAGES OF SPRINGFIELD ARE ALL LOVELY, clean, sharp and clear.

From the Preface sheet:

"This portfolio of thirty-two views [was] taken in the city of Springfield. // In preparation and execution of this work great care has been taken to have it of such excellence as to deserve the unqualified approbation of the most critical. // Judicious selections of subjects were made, embracing singly or in agreeable groups many of the important buildings and points of interest of the locality. The aim being to produce a series of views in every way reliable, whether in respect to fidelity of portraiture, artistic arrangements, or quality of finish. The aim I believe has been obtained. // "Springfield Illustrated" is published to meet a demand for local views of much higher order of artistic merit than have heretofore appeared. The process is that of Photolithotype... // Respectfully, James D. Gill, 1882."

RARE. Copies hardly ever show up for sale. OCLC only lists two holdings, one at the State Library of Massachusetts, and one at the Western Reserve Historical Society Library.

About JAMES DWYER GILL (from the Smithsonian Institution and Frick Collection websites):

******James Dwyer Gill, b.1849 d.1937, was a Springfield, Massachusetts, art dealer, collector, stationer, bookseller, and publisher. He was one of the first dealers to specialize in American art and sold paintings, engravings and photographs. He exhibited work by, among others, Col. James Fairman, Frederick E. Church, James M. Hart, Walter Shirlaw, Edgar M. Ward, J. G. Brown, A. F. Bellows, A. H. Wyant, M. F. H de Haas, Winslow Homer, F. A Bridgman, and George Inness.

He published a number of city "view" books, the most notable being that of his home town, Springfield, Massachusetts, titled: "Springfield, Illustrated", published in 1882.******

INTERNATIONAL BUYERS PLEASE NOTE: This portfolio of plates will require additional shipping charges. After placing your order you will be notified of the charges and be able to accept or reject them before payment is taken. Thanks!

1891 Photo Album with 26 Original Albumen Photographs Depicting Two Significant Mountaineering Expeditions Summiting both Mount Rainier in 1890 and Mount Baker in 1891, and Early Images of the Cascade Mining District circa 1890. The pioneering photographers were William Oscar Amsden (1862-1942) and Hobart Clark of Seattle. These photographs are of historical importance for a number of reasons: the Mount Baker Series were the first photographs taken at the top of the summit; The Mount Rainier Series was crucial in marshaling support for establishing Mount Rainier as a National Park (this expedition included Fay Fuller who was the first woman to summit Mount Rainier); the Cascade Mining Series depict one of the oldest mining districts in Northern Washington, discovered by the Rouse brothers who made the first major discovery of ores on the edge of Doubtful Lake.

Photograph Album. Oblong, textured brown cloth covered boards, 12.75" x 10", lace bound, embossed gilt printing on the cover, 26 board leaves, the photographs range from 9" x 7" to 9.75" x 7.5", mounted on 11.5" x 9.75 cream board, 25 of the photographs are mounted on one leaf, one is mounted on a verso. Captions at the bottom in the negative. GOOD CONDITION: wear/staining to the covers, spine covering tearing at the margins but still holding, gilt remains bright, internally, waviness, light shorelining and light foxing to the boards. The photographs are mostly clean, clear and legible, some toning, fading, a few small stains/abrasions. Scarce.

MOUNT RAINIER SERIES: Photographs documenting the glaciers, summit, and natural scenery of the 1890 Mt. Rainier summit bound expedition led by Reverend Ernest C. Smith. The party included Fay Fuller, Leonard Longmire, William O. Amsden, and Robert R. Parrish. Fay Fuller was the first woman to ascend Mount Rainier. Amsden had a heavy 8x10 camera. Shortly after the climb Amsden produced his series of Mount Rainier photographs. Expedition leader Smith wrote of the series "Amsden's photographs have a historic interest. Without them there would have been no illustrated lecture in Washington at the crucial time for the proposed park."

this underscores how the Mount Rainier National Park idea was rooted in the physical and aesthetic experience of climbing the mountain. The arguments that were marshaled in support of Mount Rainier National Park during the 1890s helped shape the national park idea at a crucial time.

CASCADE MINING DISTRICT SERIES: Photographs document the mines, miners, and natural scenery of the mining district. The Cascade Mining District is one of the oldest mining districts in northern Western Washington, dating its formal organization to September, 1889. Prospectors George Rouse and John Rouse, traveling from the west over Cascade Pass made the first major discovery when they located ores on the edge of Doubtful Lake.

MOUNT BAKER SERIES: Photographs document the ascent of Mt. Baker led by Valentine V. Lowe in June-July 1891. Photos include: men with alpenstocks amongst trees; men waving flag and hats on summit. The expedition party included photographer William O. Amsden, Henry Lowe, Ed. Whitstruck, Percival J. Parris, G. W. Smith, Tom Scatbo, and photographer Hobert Clark. These photographs are the first ever made with a camera on the top of Mt. Baker.

WOUNDED SOLDIER'S WWI FRENCH HOSPITAL PHOTO ALBUM - YVETOT HOPITAL DE L'ALLIANCE c.1914. Likely the album of JOSEPH BROSSARD, 7th ZOUAVE BATAILLON, 6th Compagnie, who apparently spent time at the hospital recovering from wounds. There are two handmade cards related to him in the album.

Flexible covers, decorated cloth, cord bound, 7x9 inches (18x23.5 cm) oblong, photos mounted on heavy stock leaves, most with tissue guards, approximately 24 leaves (48 pages). There are 18 photographs plus two handmade cards. Most of the photos are glued-in, the cards are laid-in. Twenty of the album's pages have photos or cards, the rest are blank.

There are twelve (12) photographs of nurses, patients and various other shots taken inside the hospital, varying in size from 2.75x4.75 to 4.75x5.75 inches. There are also six (6) other photographs of people who appear unrelated to the hospital, a man sowing seeds, a mother and child, two men in old traditional garb, a portrait of a woman who appears to be a matriarch of some sort, etc.

There are also two handmade cards laid-in. One card has the name of a soldier: Joseph Brossard, 7th Zouave, 6th Battalion, along with a bit of writing in French; and the other card - somewhat tattered - also has the name Joseph Brossard, and a decorative title: "Souvenir de 1914-1915".

These are unique photos of the Nurses and Patients at the Yvetot Hospital during WWI, plus two "I was there" handmade cards of one of the wounded soldiers whose album this likely was. Though real photo postcards of the Yvetot hospital can be found, these original photographs are unique.

GOOD condition: A few of the photographs are lightly faded, most are bright and sharp. The loose photo of two men in traditional garb has some tears. One of the handmade, hand colored, personal cards is in GOOD condition, solid but showing some age, the other card is torn and ragged along the edges but still lovely and informative.

A unique item related to the important WWI Yvetot Hospital, and Joseph Brossard of the infamous Zouave Battalions.

ANSEL ADAMS: YOSEMITE AND THE RANGE OF LIGHT.

SIGNED by ANSEL ADAMS directly on the half-title page: "Ansel Adams / Carmel / '83".

(This is NOT one of the common Time/Life editions with a signed bookplate, but an actual HAND SIGNED COPY.)

Published by the New York Graphic Society, 1979. First edition, first printing, as indicated by the lack of any statement of additional printings.

Large Format Hardcover Book in Dustjacket, 12" x 15.5", 116 GORGEOUS B&W PHOTOGRAPHS by Ansel Adams, each printed on its own page, plus 28 pages of Introductory Text.

Condition: GOOD book, sunning to the covers' margins and offsetting to the front cover; internally tight, bright, clean and unmarked, all photographs are gorgeous; in a FAIR dustjacket that is shelf rubbed, has scratches and scrapes, is creased along its edges, and has other signs of use, but remains bright and is doing its job well.

A hard-to-find HAND SIGNED first edition of Adams' Yosemite and the Range of Light.

PLEASE NOTE: This book is large and heavy and will require additional shipping charges. After placing your order you will be notified of the additional charges and be able to accept or reject them before your payment is processed. Or you can contact us ahead of time to find out the shipping charge to your country. Thanks.

Original 1884 or 1885 Cabinet Card Photograph featuring an unnamed African American nurse or nanny dressed in a natural form bustle dress pinstripe uniform with matching pinafore apron and headscarf holding a white baby in a long gown and lace top. The back of the card does not identify the Black domestic employee but a penned notation states D.B.M. 3.5 months. The child's name is Dorothy B. Mann. Original Cabinet Card Photograph in VERY GOOD CONDITION. Albumen Print, 6.5" x 4.25" inches, the Photographer is Hugh J. Brady. Printed on the verso: "HJ BRADY Leading Photographer. COR[ner] MAIN and PARK STS. Orange N.J. Additional Copies Can Always Be Obtained And Instantaneous Portraits Of Children A Specialty"

In 1880, 35% of married Black women and 73% of single Black women were in the labor force compared with only 7% of married white women and 24% of single white women, most Black women were in low wage domestic service (Economic Policy Institute, 2019). The legacy of Black women's employment in industries that lack worker protections continues today. The culling of the federal workforce reinforces this historic discrimination.

Hugh J. Brady (American, b. circa 1859) Professional Photographer whose studio and business were in Orange, New Jersey from about 1884 to 1910. His cabinet cards from 1884-1885 were printed with variations of Main Street, Corner of Park Avenue, Orange, NJ. In 1886 his business burned down "The photographic gallery of Hugh J. Brady, Main and Park streets, Orange, N. J., was destroyed by fire lately." (Anthony's Photographic Bulletin of 1886.) After rebuilding, his cabinet cards were printed with the street address 393 Main Street, Orange, NJ, from 1887 to 1910.

EXHIBITION POSTER featuring a RISQUE ROARING 20s PHOTOGRAPH by ALBERT ARTHUR ALLEN. The photograph shows a line of NUDE WOMEN in a stylized pose. The photograph was likely taken in the midst of the Roaring Twenties when Albert Arthur Allen was most active (and at his most scandalous).

Poster, 20x24 inches, mounted onto stiff card backing. Will be mailed flat. Ready to be framed.

Published in 1978. The bottom right corner of the poster states "Copyright 1978 Collection of Mr. and Mrs. Jack Titelman". It is presumed this was a poster announcing an upcoming exhibition of Allen's photographs that took place in 1979.

VERY GOOD condition, there is a very light 1x2 inch water stain at the bottom margin, otherwise bright, clean and clear.

This poster is much more uncommon than the "Chorus Line" poster that appears for sale from time to time.

About ALBERT ARTHUR ALLEN (from Wikipedia):

******Albert Arthur Allen, b.1886 d.1962, was an American figure photographer and film director known for nude portraiture.

Allen was born to a wealthy New England family in 1886, and was educated in Boston. At the age of twenty-one, he moved to California and spent years traveling and studying art. In 1916, he opened the Allen Art Studios in Oakland, California. The studio later became known as the Allen Institute of Fine and Applied Art, before it was destroyed by a fire in 1925. The following year, Allen rebuilt the studio and called it the Classic Motion Picture Corporation, a venture that lasted two years before declaring bankruptcy.

A motorcycle accident in 1923 left Allen permanently disabled, but he continued to work. His nude photographs were considered scandalous by American standards during the Roaring Twenties. He was indicted for sending obscene materials through interstate mail, and spent years in litigation.

Little is known about Allen's later life. His first commercial exhibition did not take place until 1979, seventeen years after his death. Allen died in Hayward, California, at the age of 75.******

ANSEL ADAMS IMAGES 1923-1974. Large, Lovely Photography Monograph. Foreword by Wallace Stegner.

SIGNED by ANSEL ADAMS on the half title page. (This is NOT one of the common Time/Life editions with a tipped-in signed sheet, but an actual HAND SIGNED COPY.)

Large Format Hardcover Book in Dustjacket, 14x17" oblong, 127 pages.

Filled with beautifully reproduced photographs by Ansel Adams.

Published by New York Graphic Society, Boston, Massachusetts, 1981, second printing as stated on the copyright page.

Condition: VERY GOOD book, just lightly used, tight, bright, clean and unmarked; in a GOOD MINUS dustjacket that is shelf rubbed, has a lot of superficial scratches, and is creased along its edges, but remains bright and is doing its job well. A solid, presentable copy.

A hard-to-find HAND SIGNED copy.

PLEASE NOTE: This book is large and heavy and will require additional shipping charges. After placing your order you will be notified of the additional charges and be able to accept or reject them before your payment is processed. Or you can contact us ahead of time to find out the shipping charge to your country. Thanks.

RARE ANTIOCH CHINESE FAMILY'S 1907 ANTIOCH GRAMMAR SCHOOL CABINET CARD CLASS PHOTOGRAPH. Antique photograph featuring the students and teachers of the 3rd, 4th and 5th grade classes posing on the front steps of the Antioch Grammar School building. The classes are a mixture of girls and boys, all the students are white except for one Chinese boy partially obscured by the child in front of him.

Original 1907 Cabinet Card Photograph. 12" x 10". With Chinese language handwritten note in black ink on the verso "1907 Antioch Elementary School Class" and in English in the same hand "3rd, 4th, and 5th Grades." The photographer is not stated nor is the name of the Chinese boy or his family identified. NEAR FINE CONDITION: a bright and clean image. Scarce.

Antioch, a Bay Area city on the banks of the San Joaquin River in Contra Costa County has a complicated history of discrimination against Chinese immigrants. Chinese people began to arrive in Antioch during the Gold Rush of 1848 and established a small Chinatown downtown. They faced ongoing racism, scapegoating and xenophobia between 1850 and 1876. Antioch officially became a "sundown town" banning Chinese residents from walking city streets after sunset. In 1860 the State banned Chinese children from attending public schools with white children, and created the Chinese Exclusion Acts. In 1876 the anti Chinese sentiments of the Antioch community reached a point of no return when white mobs forcibly displaced Chinese residents and burned Chinatown to the ground. For nearly 100 years after this, almost no Chinese people lived in Antioch. In 2021, Antioch became the first city in the U.S. to officially apologize for mistreatment of Chinese people.

EGOÏSTE No. 11, 1989. French Photography, Fashion, Art & Style Revue - with Photos of ISABELLE ADJANI by RICHARD AVEDON, Photo Portfolios by GUY BOURDIN and MAN RAY, and Great Ad Photos by BETTINA RHEIMS, KARL LAGERFIELD, and Others

PARIS, France: Cassini, 1989.

Large format, folded pages laid in loosely portfolio style (i.e. no staple or other binding), 167 pages. Filled with photographs, including a portfolio of photos of Isabelle Adjani by Richard Avedon, and illustrated articles including one on David Lynch. Some of the best photographs are the ads, with photos taken by Bettina Rheims, Guy Bourdin, Karl Lagerfield, and others.

GOOD condition, the wrappers have some edge and corner wear including creases with some small closed tears to the bottom front corner; internally nice, the corner tips of some pages are slightly bent, otherwise tight, bright, clean, clear and unmarked. Overall a bright, presentable copy.

Avedon and Adjani, what a combination!

CABINET CARD PHOTOGRAPH of GEORGE W. HOWE and THREE RELATED HOWE WOMEN, Elleh Howe Garretson, Jennie Howe (Barri), And Kate (?) Howe. Their names are written on the backside of the card. The photo was taken in Vienna, Austria, presumably while they were there on a visit.

The cabinet card is approximately 4x6 inches. The photograph was taken by Dr. Szekely & Massak, Elisabethstrasse No. 1, Wien. The company's name, address, and monograph is on the front and back of the card.

VERY GOOD condition, solid, bright and clear.

About three of these HOWES, from various Internet genealogy sites:

GEORGE W. HOWE, b.1832 d.1901, was the son of William Howe and Azubah Towne Stone. He was a nephew of Elias Howe, who patented the first sewing machine in America, was a Cleveland business man, and later police commissioner. He built the George Howe mansion in 1894. Howe was also one of Cleveland's earliest baseball fans. He championed bringing major league baseball to Cleveland and served as treasurer of Cleveland's first national league baseball team.

ELLEN MARIA HOWE was born on 15 July 1834, in Spencer, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States, her father, William Howe, was 31 and her mother, Azubah Towne Stone, was 28. She married Hiram Garretson in 1856. In 1880 she lived in Cleveland, Cuyahoga, Ohio. She died on 5 July 1922, in Orange Village, Cuyahoga, Ohio, United States, at the age of 87, and was buried in Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, Cuyahoga, Ohio, United States.

JENNIE HOWE BARRI, b.1848 d.1921. She was the daughter of William Howe and Azubah Towne Stone.

METAL-CLAD BLIMP ZMC-2 One of Only 4 Metal Hulled Blimps Ever Built

One of Only 2 Metal Hulled Blimps Ever Flown

METALCLAD AIRSHIPS. Presentation book promoting the first Metal-Clad blimp, with photographs showing the development, production and test flight of the ZMC-2 "Metalclad". Includes THIRTY-FOUR (34) ORIGINAL, GLOSSY, LINEN-BACKED 8x10 PHOTOGRAPHS of the ZMC-2 "METALCLAD" BLIMP as it was being developed and tested as a prototype for the U.S. Navy, which was expected to order a fleet of ZMC-2 blimps for military purposes. However, only ONE ZMC-2 metal-clad blimp was ever built. This one.

Presentation book, flexible leather boards, with title page, information sheet, and 34 linen backed photographs bound in. Each photograph is stamped on the linen backing "KALEC INC. / DETROIT". Kalec was an early Detroit photography company.

An 8x10 inch metal sample of the "Alclad Sheet" used on the hull of the ZMC-2 is laid in loosely at the front (it was bound in at the front but became disbound at some point).

Published by the Detroit Aircraft Corporation, circa 1929 for the purpose of promoting its metalclad blimps.

GOOD Condition: A few of the photos and the title page have some soiling, the metal sample of the hull is disbound, as noted above, overall a complete and amazing look at the production stages of a metal clad dirigible.

About METAL-CLAD AIRSHIPS (from Wikipedia):

******Metal-clad airships are airships which have a very thin airtight metal envelope, rather than the usual fabric envelope. Only four ships of this type are known to have been built, and only two actually flew: Schwarz's aluminum ship of 1893 collapsed on inflation; Schwarz's second airship flew at Tempelhof, Berlin in 1897, landed but then collapsed; the ZMC-2 that was ever manufactured flew 752 flights between 1929 and scrapping in 1941; while the Slate City of Glendale, was built in 1929 but never flew.

From the Presentation Book's Information Sheet:

******U.S. NAVY ZMC-2 // The photographs which follow describe the progressive steps in the construction of the world's first METALCLAD AIRSHIP, built at Grosse Ile Airport, Detroit, Michigan, for the U. S. Navy by the Aircraft Development Corporation, division of Detroit Aircraft Corporation. This first successful application of all metal construction to rigid airships is the result of the cooperation of the Federal Government with private initiative.

The first rivet was driven in the bow section of the hull on March 7, 1928, and the ship was completed and inflated with helium seventeen months later. On August 19, 1929, the ZMC 2 made its first test flight of 49 minutes and 55 seconds.

Included with these photographs is a sample of the machine riveted ALCLAD sheet with which the hull of the ship is covered. The diffusion of helium through the riveted seams is considerably less than through goldbeater skin. Its resistance to fatigue from vibration has been successfully demonstrated.

The METALCLAD ZMC-2 is the first all American conceived, American designed and American built rigid airship. As an experimental unit, it has a displacement of only 200,000 cubic feet and is too small for extended military and commercial uses. In its larger sizes [which were in development by the Detroit Aircraft Corporation but later abandoned], it is destined to play an important role in the general advancement and prosperity of our country.

Compliments of DETROIT AIRCRAFT CORPORATION [no relation to the Detroit Aircraft Company incorporated in 2011].******

EMPLOYEES OF THE UNIVERSAL SHIPYARD. HOUSTON. TEXAS. PHOTO BY FRANK G. ALLEN. HOUSTON TEXAS

Panoramic Photograph. WWI shipbuilding for the US government. Employees of the Universal Shipbuilding Company, Houston, Texas. Original gelatin silver print, 10" x 72" photographed by Frank G. Allen, circa 1919. VERY GOOD CONDITION: some edgewear, a few tiny stains, and some age toning and finger smudges to the verso, rolled, overall bright, and clean. Unrecorded. Frank G. Allen has a few images in the National Archives, none document the Texas men employed as shipbuilders. A stunning photographic record.

Photographer Frank G. Allen (American, active 1910s-1920s) early Texas commercial photographer active in the Houston area producing some stunning panoramic photographs of the oilfields and WWI shipbuilding.

During World War One Houston Texas was tasked with becoming emergency shipbuilders for the war effort. The United States Shipping Board's Emergency Fleet Corporation contracted two Houston plants, the Universal Shipbuilding Company and the Midland Bridge Company to construct wooden cargo ships which were to be built along the Houston Channel, a waterway that only a few years prior could not accommodate an ocean going vessel. George A Carden was principal owner of the Universal Shipbuilding Company, which had a contract for the construction of twelve wooden ships at $300,000 each, these vessels were made at the company's shipbuilding yard on Buffalo Bayou near Houston, Texas. Universal launched 9 of the 12 commissioned ships before the War ended. Most of the shipyards involved in this program existed only for the emergency.